This chapter starts with a statement made by the Sage Emperor Yao of an- tiquity, hence 尧 曰 (Yao Yue). Unlike other chapters in the Analects, this one consists of only three sections, albeit unusually lengthy ones, except for Section 20.3. As the concluding chapter of the book, these three sections are certainly significant. They reiterate the importance of recognizing the Man­ date of Heaven, observing the rites of propriety, and discerning others'speeches so as to better understand people. On a higher level, they help establish a meaningful perimeter: relations between man and Heaven (as guiding princi­ ples of ultimate morality and justice), between men, and man on terms with himself. As such, this chapter presents a nice summary of the Analects.